Synthesis of Zeolite from Coal Bottom Ash Using Hydrothermal Method as An Adsorbent for Heavy Metals Cd, Pb, Fe, and Cu
Abstract
This study aims to synthesize zeolite from coal combustion bottom ash using the hydrothermal method and evaluate its effectiveness in adsorbing heavy metals—specifically cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu). Bottom ash was treated via alkali fusion at 750°C, followed by acid activation with 1 M HCl to extract silica and alumina. Zeolite synthesis was hydrothermal at 100°C with 6, 12, and 24 hours of crystallization. Sodium aluminate (NaAlO2) was added to adjust the Si/Al ratio and enhance structural stability. The synthesized zeolites were characterized using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The sample crystallized for 12 hours and exhibited the highest SiO2/Al2O3 ratio, measuring 3.73. Adsorption tests revealed optimal performance at pH 5–9 and 120 minutes contact time, achieving removal efficiencies of 97.84% for Pb2+, 99.47% for Cd2+, 99.73% for Fe2+, and 99.91% for Cu2+. These findings demonstrate that bottom ash-derived zeolite is a promising, low-cost adsorbent for heavy metal removal from wastewater. It supports use in sustainable and long-term industrial effluent treatment systems.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Rashidi, N. A., & Yusup, S. (2018). Production of palm kernel shell-based activated carbon by direct physical activation for carbon dioxide adsorption. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26 (1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1903-8.
Damayanti, R. 2018. Abu Batu Bara dan Pemanfaatannya: Tinjauan Teknis Karakteristik secara Kimia dan Toksikologinya. Jurnal Teknologi Mineral dan Batu bara. Vol 14. (3): 213-231.
Anggara, D., Nindya, C.C.S., Nuryoto, and Kurniawan, T. (2019), The Use of Natural Zeolite as A Catalyst for Esterification Reaction Between Glycerol and Oleic Acid, Reaktor, 19(4), 172-179.
Gales, S. S., Baheramsyah, A., & Cahyono, B. (2014). Analisa regenerasi zeolit sebagai adsorben pada alat pendingin adsorpsi (Skripsi, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember). Departemen Teknik Sistem Perkapalan, Fakultas Teknologi Kelautan, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
Amara, N., Ratsimba, B., Wilhelm, A., dan Delmas, H. 2001. Crystallization of Potash Alum: Effect of Power Ultrasound. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. Vol. 8: 265-270.
Derbe, T., Temesgen, S., dan Bitew, M. 2021. A Short Review on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Zeolites. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 2021: 1-
Diska, Alista, I., 2023. “Sintesis Zeolit-X Sebagai Katalis Transesterifikasi Minyak Kelapa Sawit Menjadi Biodiesel Dan Optimasi Pengolahannya Dengan Penerapan Response Surface Methodology (RSM)”, Tesis. Lampung: Universitas Lampung.
Martinez, L. M. T., dkk. 2018. Synthesis and Identification Methods for Zeolites and MOFs. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Inayat, A., Schwidder, M., Pätzold, W., Werner-Zwanziger, U., Ernst, S., & Schwieger, W. (2011). Effect of iron on the synthesis and catalytic properties of ZSM-5 zeolites. Applied Catalysis A: General, 397(1–2), 138–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2011.02.032
Lin, F., Li, M., Purdy, S. C., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Kim, S., ... & Wang, H. (2024). Restructuring of the Lewis Acid Sites in Y-Modified Dealuminated Beta-Zeolite by Hydrothermal Treatment. ACS Omega , 9(16), 17727–17738.
Al Muttaqii, M., Birawidha, D. C., Isnugroho, K., Amin, M., Hendronursito, Y., Istiqomah, A. D., & Dewangga, D. P. (2019). Pengaruh Aktivasi Secara Kimia Menggunakan Larutan Asam dan Basa Terhadap Karakteristik Zeolit Alam. JRTI (Jurnal Rekayasa Teknologi Industri), 13(2), 266–271.
Fitria dan Ahmad Y., 2018. Pembuatan Bahan Bakar Alternatif dari Minyak Biji Jarak Menggunakan Gelombang Mikro. Jurnal Program Studi Mesin. Vol 7. No 2.
Riza, Abrar. 2021. “Biodisel Ditinjau dari Berbagai Aspek”. Skripsi. Tarumane-gara: Univeristas Tarumanagara.
Li, Z., Ding, S., Chen, C. et al. (2019). Recyclable Li/NaY Zeolit as a Heterogeneous Alkaline Adsorbent for Biodiesel Production: Process Optimization and Kinetics Study. Journal of Energy Convers. Manag. 192: 335–345.
Ismail, A., Harmuni, H., & Mohd, R. R. M. A. Z. (2017). Removal of iron and manganese using granular activated carbon and zeolite in artificial barrier of riverbank filtration. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1835, 020056. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4983796
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31284/j.iptek.2025.v29i1.7715
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Indexed by:
