Geotourism Assessment using the M-GAM method ( Modified Geosite Assessment Model) Sawahlunto Region, West Sumatra

The geological setting in the area is a strong attraction for natural tourism. The Sawahlunto Geopark area is one of the Geoparks located in West Sumatra Province which has a variety of geological sites. This area meets the criteria that make it a potential Geopark. The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate the potential of geotourism and use this assessment as a basis for developing geotourism in the Sawahlunto and surrounding geotourism areas. This analytical study was carried out using the M-GAM (Modified Geosite Assessment Model) method. In the study process, research methods were carried out using questionnaire data based on 27 indicators from the M-GAM method.M-GAM method has 27 indicators consisting of main and additional values that will be used as a questionnaire which will produce quantitative results. The 27 indicators contain several geotourism assessments, including scientific value, aesthetic value, protection value, functional value, and tourism value of a geosite. The maximum score that can be obtained by a geosite that has all the perfect criteria in 27 indicators will get a main score of 12 and an additional score of 15. 7 geosites will be assessed with results, namely Batu Runciang (8.17 and 7.62), Serpih Bakelok (6.35 and 7.72), Tabiang Tinggi (6.81 and 8.14) and Puncak Cemara (8.19 and 8.41), Stone Garden (6.37 and 7.96), Batu


Introduction
The research location is in Lembah Segar District and its surroundings, Sawahlunto City, West Sumatra.has an area of 9 by 9 kilometers.(Figure 1).Geotourism (geotourism) is a natural tourism activity that focuses on showing the geological nuances of the earth's surface in order to encourage understanding of the environment and culture, appreciation and conservation as well as local wisdom.Geotourism in protection and conservation efforts cannot be separated from various non-material benefits that exist.These non-material benefits can divided into ten types, namely cultural diversity, spiritual and religious values, knowledge systems, educational values, inspiration, aesthetic values, social relations, a sense of comfort towards a place, cultural heritage values, recreation and ecotouri [2].Geotourism (geotourism) has several natural tourism concepts, including tourism that highlights the beauty, uniqueness, rarity and wonder of a natural phenomenon that is closely related to geological phenomena [3].Geosite is a geological heritage object in a geopark area which has important geological significance based on geoheritage values.Geopark is a single or combined geographical area, which has Geological Heritage Sites (Geosite) and valuable natural landscapes, related to aspects of Geological Heritage (Geoheritage), Geological Diversity (Geodiversity), Biological Diversity (Biodiversity), and Cultural Diversity (Cultural Diversity), and managed for the purposes of conservation, education and sustainable community economic development.This research was conducted by providing a geosite assessment in this area and the value is then used as a reference in the development of geotourism.Which will produce results that provide information about the condition of the geosite that needs improvement and identify which areas need more attention and better management so that this area becomes a well-known geotourism destination that will attract more tourists in the future.At the Sawahlunto Geopark research location, 7 geosites were found in the research area, namely Batu Runciang, Batu Gantuang Cave, Kubang Waterfall, Stone Garden, Serpih Bakelok Formasi Tuhur, and Cemara Peak.The seven geosites already have criteria and natural tourist attractions according to [4] Where there are several criteria, namely information, diversity, beauty and uniqueness, cross-country adventure and the availability of natural ecosystems.

Methodology
In the process of analyzing the Sawahlunto Geosite assessment, the Modified Geosite Assessment Model (M-GAM) method will be used.Where this method is the development of the Geosite Assessment Model (GAM) [5].The Geosite Assessment Model (GAM) is based on several existing evaluation methods and most of the proposed criteria for numerical assessment are taken from field data.Value (MV) and Additional Value (AV), which are further divided into 12 and 15 sub-indicators, then in GAM Modification the value of beauty/aesthetics (VSA) and protection value ( VPr).The additional value factor (AV) is divided by the addition of an important factor or impotance factor (Im) where this is the GAM modification.The Main Value Factor (MV) consists of three indicator groups: scientific/educational value (VSE), into two indicator groups namely functional value (VFn) and tourism value (VTr) [5].Where each indicator will be made into a questionnaire which will be filled in by visitors visit the Sawahlunto Geopark and will be multiplied by an assessment according to experts and will also be united at the end of the spectrum.The Core Values and Key Values components which consist of 27 indicators will be turned into questions that ordinary visitors can absorb.(Table 1).
In The important factor (Im) is an opportunity for visitors to express their opinion about each subindicator in the modeling.After that, the value of the importance factor ( Im) is multiplied by the value given by experts (also from 0.00 to 1.00) who evaluate the current state and the value of the subindicator.Finally, the modified GAM equation is defined and presented in the following form: M -GAM = Im(GAM ) = Im(MV + AV ).

Results and discussions
The research area has 7 locations geosite namely Batu Runciang, Serpih Bakelok, Cemara Peak, Tabiang Tinggi, Batu Gatuang Cave, Kubang Waterfall, and Stone Garden.The assessment data uses M-GAM indicators in (table 4) Batu Runciang Batu Runciang is geosite located in Silungkang Oso District.This limestone belongs to the Silungkang Formation which has a Permian age [6].Geosite contains limestone outcrops that are tapered in shape caused by the chemical process of dissolving limestone so that they are named Batu Runciang by the local community (Figure 2A).The formation of this Formation was initiated by the subduction between the West Sumatra Block continental plate and the Paleo-tethys Oceanic Block plate.The results of this subduction produced the Silungkang Formation which has a marine depositional environment [7].This area is a Karst Region which is included in the Kars Tower classification.Karst towers are the appearance of karst surfaces, especially in karst areas in the tropics, in the form of hills left over from the dissolving process with vertical or nearly vertical hillsides (White, 1988).The uniqueness and beauty aspects of this geotourism destination not only present high and beautiful limestone outcrops but also have views of the surroundings which are no less beautiful showing the city of Sawahlunto and its surroundings.

Tabiang Tinggi
Tabiang Tinggi is located in Muarokalaban Village.Tabiang Tinggi is a sandstone outcrop of the Sawahtambang Formation.The Sawahtambang Formation is of Oligocene age with the Woven River depositional environment.Woven rivers are generally found in flat areas with weak current energy.This woven river deposit area is characterized by sandstone outcrops which have a layered sediment structure which adds to the uniqueness of this geosite.Tabiang Tinggi is located along the Ombilin River, adding to the uniqueness of this geosite (Figure 2B).In this sandstone outcrop, a geological structure was also found in the form of the Padang Sibusuak Fault.This destination is unique because of its high outcrops followed by the Ombilinn River at its base.

Serpih Bakelok
Serpih Bakelok is a geosite in the Lembah Segar District.This shale belongs to the Tuhur Formation with Triassic age which was formed due to the expansion process as well as subduction of theWest Sumatra Block andWoyla Arc (continental block) so that a double subduction was formed where in this early triassic the Tuhur Formation was formed deposited in a transitionalneritic shallow marine environment [7].Geosite it has a beauty and uniqueness where this shale outcrop has a length that can be estimated to reach 700 meters (Figure 2C).Where this outcrop fills the winding road trip towards the City of Sawahlunto.

Puncak Cemara
Puncak Cemara is a geotourism destination located in the Kubang Sirakuak area.The Sawahtambang Formation which has an Oligocene age with a depositional environment of the Woven River [7].On Geosite Puncak Cemara has an outcrop with sandstone lithology According to [8].Puncak Cemara is included in the Denuded Structural Hills geomorphic unit which is characterized by the presence of geological structures which are the main factor in the formation of this landform due to surface processes and denudational phenomena developing very intensely due to low levels of rock resistance.-Moderate, so susceptible to experiencing.Puncak Cemara is a landform that has a morphological elevation of (200-500 masl) with a sloping slope percentage level (13-21%) according to [8].The beauty and uniqueness ofgeosite it itself is located fromview point The city of Sawahlunto which can be seen clearly (Figure 2D).In addition, the dominant plants found in this area are cypress trees, so they are named Puncak Cemara, as well as facilities such asgazebo which complements the beauty of this destination.

Batu Gantuang Cave
Batu Gantuang Cave is located in Kubang Tangah District, geosite which contains limestone outcrops and limestone karst caves of the Tuhur Formation.The Tuhur Formation has a Triassic ageThis cave was formed due to the dissolution of several types of rock due to the activity of rainwater and groundwater, so that very interesting passages and rock formations are created due to the process of crystallization and dissolving of these rocks.This cave has its own characteristics and uniqueness where the shape of the cave extends upwards which causes the local people to call it Batu Gantuang.Another uniqueness when traced into the cave, we will find a way out which is a different village

Stone Garden
Stone Garden isgeosite which is located in North Kubang District wheregeosite it consists of views of large and tall limestones among the grass.Geosite Stone Garden is a karst landform,Karst landscapes form lateprocesses of dissolution and deposition over millions of years.Usually karst can be found in areas of carbonate rocks.Karts land is included in the classification of karst hills where some sites are cone-shaped (conical) and some are elongated like a table (table).In this geosite the limestone found has a steep slope.The Tuhur Formation has a Triassic age [6].Beauty fromgoesite itself is located from the spread of limestone outcrops which are surrounded by a fairly steep local morphology.

Kubang Waterfall
Kubang Waterfall is located in North Kubang District,Geosite this has a close distance to Stone Garden geosite.This waterfall is located in the upper reaches of the Aie Lunto River with surrounding rock lithology, namely Limestone of the Tuhur Formation.The Tuhur Formation has a Triassic age.The process of forming a waterfall can be divided into two, namely the fast and slow ways.The fast process of waterfall formation is due to the tectonic process that causes the fracture.Meanwhile, the slow process that forms a waterfall is an erosion process that occurs in rocks caused by water carrying out the eroding process.

Assessment Results Using the M-GAM Method
After conducting a geotourism assessment of 7geosite and multiplied by the important value of the researcher, the total value is obtained as follows.(Table 4).The final results of the research are then entered into a modified geosite assessment model matrix to make it easier to conclude the development of each geosite.The matrix consists of 9 boxes consisting of Z11, Z12, Z13, Z21, Z22, Z23, Z31, Z32, and Z33 (Table 3) which are the results of the Main Value and Additional Value from the assessment.From the data obtained, the process of plotting all the total values is carried out Geosite on the M-GAM Matrix.(Figure 4).From the results, it was found that there were two Geosite which enter into the Z21 matrix space, namely Batu Gantuang Cave and Kubang Waterfall.According to M-GAM in this field, Batu Gantuang Cave and Kubang Waterfall still have many deficiencies in additional value and also lack in main value.Where on the secondGeosite there is a significant lack of geological information regarding thisgeosite, less maintenance of the geosite, the facilities and infrastructure contained within-geometer where in these two geosites there is still a minimum size of parking space which causes a limited number of visitors and a lack of facilities such as seating and also signboards, lack of promotion from the local government where the local government only focuses on a fewgeosite just.
The results of the geosite assessment conducted on the seven geosites obtained the results of five geosites that received values in the M-GAM matrix in the Z22 field, referring to (Table 3) which means that this geosite has a moderate value against two values, namely the main and additional values.Based on the results of the modified geosite assessment model (M GAM) method including Batu Runciang, Tabiang Tinggi, Serpih Bakelok, Puncak Cemara and also Stone Garden.Where these five geosites have beauty and geotourism criteria but still have some shortcomings in each different geosite.Especially the Batu Runciang geosite is located far from the city center so if you want to visit this geosite, visitors must have a longer time compared to other geosites, but this geosite has access, and facilities that are fairly complete such as sign boards, seats, and information boards that make it easier for visitors to find out information about the Batu Runciang geosite.The Puncak Cemara and Tabiang Tinggi geosites are also in the Z22 field where there are still some shortcomings that cause the assessment to be moderate.In both geosites there are fairly complete facilities, starting with a large parking area, gazebos, seats, playgrounds and there are also special places of worship for visitors.
In addition, these two geosites have a close distance to the center of Sawahlunto City.tourism supporting facilities such as mosques, tour guides, sign boards, and information boards.The shortcomings possessed by these two geosites lie in the lack of publications, book journals that discuss them, and the lack of several geotourism supporting facilities such as information boards that cause visitors to not be able to know how the history and science of the formation of the geosite.boards and information boards.Stone Garden Geosite and Serpih Bakelok have almost the same characteristics of advantages and disadvantages including the still unfulfilled Two geosites located in different fields, namely in the Z21 matrix field include the Kubang Waterfall geosite and Batu Gantuang Cave, where both geosites have more shortcomings and limitations when compared to the five geosites in the Z22 matrix.Both of these geosites still have shortcomings on various sides including, small road access, incomplete tourism supporting facilities, no sign board that provides information on the existence of geosites, a promotional status that is still on a regional scale, damage that is fairly large and not protected by the local government, and a minimal annual average number of visitors.Efforts that can be made to increase the value of these two geosites are by making improvements to facilities and complementing tourism-supporting facilities that add to tourist attractions.Promotional activities carried out on social media can also increase the number of visitors, the next effort is to increase the guard of the two geosites so that they are protected from small and large damage.
One form of development of all geosites contained in the Sawahluto geotourism area is to make a Geotrack Map containing the location, distance, information, visual form in the form of images, access, distance to public facilities, inns, restaurants, and facilities contained in each geosite which will be distributed and displayed at each geosite.This will make it easier for visitors to find out what surrounding geosites can be visited, the distance of geosites to the city center, the distance to gas stations, the distance of one geosite to another, and the access that will be taken according to the vehicle used.

Conclusion
All geosites meet geotourism attractions and criteria.Sawahlunto City has also fulfilled 3 pillars to be developed into a Geopark which is composed of one or more geological diversity (Geodiversity, Biodiversity), and Cultural Diversity.The M-GAM method is a geosite assessment method based on five assessments in outline including scientific value, beauty value, protection value, functional value, and tourist value.Of the 7 Geosites assessed using the M-GAM method, 5 of them had moderate results.Referring to the M-GAM matrix the Z22 field which has a medium value in both aspects, namely the main and additional values.The five geosites have values including Batu Runciang (8.17 and 7.62), Serpih Bakelok (6.35 and 7.72), Tabiang Tinggi (6.81 and 8.14), and Puncak Cemara (8.19 and 8.41), and Stone Garden (6.37 and 7.96).It can be concluded that the 5 geosites already have a fairly good assessment but still have some shortcomings in several aspects, including the lack of journals that discuss geosites, professional tour guides, and lack of promotion as well as some tourism supporting infrastructure in each geosite.
From the assessment, there are two geosites with lower values, namely Kubang Waterfall (3.48 and 6.48).Batu Gantuang Cave (3.91 and 6.07) with the results of plotting on the M-GAM matrix is in the Z21 field where according to M-GAM these two geosites have less main value and moderate additional value, it can be concluded that these two geosites have quite a lot of shortcomings in the additional value section.Additional value includes tourist and functional value.In these two geosites, there is still a lack of complementary facilities and infrastructure at each geosite such as signboards, seats, and parking lots, damage is still found due to lack of protection of the geosite, still not well promoted, lack of professional tour guides and also road access that still cannot be reached by large vehicles such as buses which causes a lack of visitors who can visit the geosite.From the results of the assessment according to M-GAM, developments that can be done to advance the Sawahlunto Geopark are by completing the facilities and infrastructure of each geosite, adding professional guides, promoting through social media, and counseling the local community about the safeguarding of the Sawahlunto Geopark geosite.The high potential possessed by Sawahlunto area geotourism can be developed by realizing efforts to develop the shortcomings of each geosite, where each geosite contained in the Sawahlunto area geotourism can compete with other geotourism regions in Indonesia with the potential and uniqueness of this geotourism itself.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Map of Sawahlunto Geotourism Geosite Distribution total, there are 12 Main Value sub-indicators, and 15 Additional Value sub-indicators, ordered from 0.00 to 1.00 which define GAM assimple equation: GAM = MV + AV Where : MV = Main Value AV = Value Added Where MV and AV are signs for main value and additional value, respectively.Since the two MV and AV values consist of three and two indicator groups, respectively, two equations can be written: MV = VSE + VSA + VPr AV = VFn +VTr Where : VSE = Scientific/Educational Value VSA = Beauty Value VPr = Protection Value VFn = Nilai Fungsional

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. M-GAM matrix of geotourism assessment results

Table 1 .
Structure of M-GAM

Table 4 .
Total Value